What Is Biochar? NMSU Extension Highlights Soil Amendment for Water Retention and Soil Health

As gardeners, farmers and landowners across our broader community look for ways to improve soil health and make the most of limited water resources, New Mexico State University Cooperative Extension Service continues to promote the use of biochar as a long-term soil amendment.

Biochar is a charcoal-like material produced by heating plant material in a low-oxygen environment. Unlike ash, which is largely composed of minerals left behind after complete combustion, biochar retains much of the carbon contained in the original plant material.

According to NMSU Extension, biochar can help improve soil by adding stable carbon, increasing biological activity and improving the soil’s ability to retain water.

Recent Extension demonstrations have highlighted the use of simple “ring of fire” kilns, which can be constructed from sheet metal and clamps. When operated correctly, the kiln produces little visible smoke after reaching operating temperature. The process converts woody plant material into biochar while minimizing emissions and preserving carbon in the finished product.

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Interest in biochar has grown among both agricultural producers and home gardeners because it is generally considered a one-time soil amendment. Once incorporated into the soil, the material can remain in place for years while continuing to influence soil structure and water-holding capacity.

While biochar is not a substitute for proper irrigation, fertilization or soil management practices, researchers continue to study its potential benefits in arid and semi-arid environments where water conservation remains a priority.

NMSU Extension has published a detailed guide explaining what biochar is, how it is produced, and factors to consider before incorporating it into agricultural or garden soils.

Readers interested in learning more can access the publication here:

NMSU Extension Guide: Biochar in New Mexico Agriculture and Gardening Systems